Oral cancer: possible signs and when to get checked

A non-healing mouth ulcer, spot, or lump can usually have other causes too, but such changes should not be ignored. Early evaluation by a doctor helps to determine their cause in time.

What signs may warn?

Attention should be paid to an ulcer that does not heal for more than three weeks, persistent white or red spot, lump in the mouth, on the lip or neck, persistent mouth pain. Difficulty swallowing or speaking and long-lasting hoarseness may also occur.

These symptoms do not mean the person necessarily has cancer. They can be caused by other conditions, but the cause needs to be identified.

Where can changes appear?

Changes can occur on the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, floor of the mouth, or lips. Not all areas are easy to examine independently, so it is important to report any persistent unusual changes to a health specialist.

What can increase the risk?

Smoking and other tobacco products, as well as alcohol consumption, increase the risk of oral cancer. Other factors can also influence risk. Quitting tobacco and limiting alcohol are beneficial for oral and overall health.

How is the examination performed?

A doctor or dentist asks when the change appeared, examines the oral mucosa, evaluates surrounding tissues, and if necessary refers to a specialist. Suspicious changes may require a biopsy, a laboratory examination of a tissue sample.

Referral for tests does not mean a cancer diagnosis. Tests are needed to precisely identify the cause and select appropriate care.

When to seek help?

If a mouth ulcer does not heal for more than three weeks, a persistent white or red spot appears, a new lump or unexplained persistent pain occurs, make an appointment with a doctor or dentist. If breathing becomes difficult, call 112.

What to say during the examination?

Remember when you noticed the change, whether it is growing, bleeding, or painful, whether eating and swallowing have changed. Inform about smoking, medications, previous oral changes, and tests. If the change is constantly irritated by a sharp tooth or denture, tell the doctor about this too.